Problems & Exercises Chapter 1
1.2 Physical Quantities and Units
1. The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h.(a) What is this in meters per second?
(b) How many miles per hour is this? 2. A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s .
(a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour?
(b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h speed limit? 3. Show that 1.0 m/s = 3.6 km/h . Hint: Show the explicit steps involved in converting 1.0 m/s = 3.6 km/h. 4. American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters?
(Assume that 1 meter equals 3.281 feet.) 5. Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85 m wide. What are its dimensions in feet and inches?
(Assume that 1 meter equals 3.281 feet.) 6. What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall?
(Assume that 1 meter equals 39.37 in.) 7. Mount Everest, at 29,028 feet, is the tallest mountain on the Earth. What is its height in kilometers?
(Assume that 1 kilometer equals 3,281 feet.) 8. The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s on a certain day. What is this in km/h? 9. Tectonic plates are large segments of the Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose that one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/year.
(a) What distance does it move in 1 s at this speed?
(b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years? 10. (a) Refer to Table 1.3 to determine the average distance between the Earth and the Sun. Then calculate the average speed of the Earth in its orbit in kilometers per second.
(b) What is this in meters per second?
1.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Express your answers to problems in this section to the correct number of significant figures and proper units. 11. Suppose that your bathroom scale reads your mass as 65 kg with a 3% uncertainty. What is the uncertainty in your mass (in kilograms)? 12. A good-quality measuring tape can be off by 0.50 cm over a distance of 20 m. What is its percent uncertainty? 13. (a) A car speedometer has a 5.0% uncertainty. What is the range of possible speeds when it reads 90 km/h ?(b) Convert this range to miles per hour. (1 km = 0.6214 mi) 14. An infant’s pulse rate is measured to be 130 ± 5 beats/ min. What is the percent uncertainty in this measurement? 15. (a) Suppose that a person has an average heart rate of 72.0 beats/min. How many beats does he or she have in 2.0 y?
(b) In 2.00 y?
(c) In 2.000 y? 16. A can contains 375 mL of soda. How much is left after 308 mL is removed? 17. State how many significant figures are proper in the results of the following calculations:
(a) (106.7)(98.2) / (46.210)(1.01)
(b) (18.7) 2
(c) ⎛ ⎝1.60×10−19⎞ ⎠ (3712) .
18. (a) How many significant figures are in the numbers 99 and 100?
(b) If the uncertainty in each number is 1, what is the percent uncertainty in each?
(c) Which is a more meaningful way to express the accuracy of these two numbers, significant figures or percent uncertainties? 19. (a) If your speedometer has an uncertainty of 2.0 km/h at a speed of 90 km/h , what is the percent uncertainty?
(b) If it has the same percent uncertainty when it reads 60 km/h , what is the range of speeds you could be going? 20. (a) A person’s blood pressure is measured to be 120 ± 2 mm Hg . What is its percent uncertainty?
(b) Assuming the same percent uncertainty, what is the uncertainty in a blood pressure measurement of 80 mm Hg ? 21. A person measures his or her heart rate by counting the number of beats in 30 s . If 40 ± 1 beats are counted in 30.0 ± 0.5 s , what is the heart rate and its uncertainty in beats per minute? 22. What is the area of a circle 3.102 cm in diameter? 23. If a marathon runner averages 9.5 mi/h, how long does it take him or her to run a 26.22-mi marathon? 24. A marathon runner completes a 42.188-km course in 2 h , 30 min, and 12 s . There is an uncertainty of 25 m in the distance traveled and an uncertainty of 1 s in the elapsed time.
(a) Calculate the percent uncertainty in the distance.
(b) Calculate the uncertainty in the elapsed time.
(c) What is the average speed in meters per second?
(d) What is the uncertainty in the average speed? 25. The sides of a small rectangular box are measured to be 1.80 ± 0.01 cm , 2.05 ± 0.02 cm, and 3.1 ± 0.1 cm long. Calculate its volume and uncertainty in cubic centimeters. 26. When non-metric units were used in the United Kingdom, a unit of mass called the pound-mass (lbm) was employed, where 1 lbm = 0.4539 kg .
(a) If there is an uncertainty of 0.0001 kg in the pound-mass unit, what is its percent uncertainty?
(b) Based on that percent uncertainty, what mass in pound-mass has an uncertainty of 1 kg when converted to kilograms? 27. The length and width of a rectangular room are measured to be 3.955 ± 0.005 m and 3.050 ± 0.005 m. Calculate the area of the room and its uncertainty in square meters. 28. A car engine moves a piston with a circular cross section of 7.500 ± 0.002 cm diameter a distance of 3.250 ± 0.001 cm to compress the gas in the cylinder.
(a) By what amount is the gas decreased in volume in cubic centimeters?
(b) Find the uncertainty in this volume. 1.4 Approximation 29. How many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?30. A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0 AD? 31. How many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human?
(Hint: The lifetime of an unstable atomic nucleus is on the order of 10−22 s .) 32. Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume that the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is ten times the mass of a hydrogen atom.
(Hint: The mass of a hydrogen atom is on the order of 10−27 kg and the mass of a bacterium is on the order of 10−15 kg. )
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(b) The greatest mountain height? 35. (a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is ten times the mass of a bacterium.
(b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human? 36. Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?